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DOI: 10.17072/2619-0648-2026-1-7-15

The First Twelve: Vasily Fedorovich Glushkov,
Professor of Perm University

O. A. Kuznetsova

Perm State University
15, Bukireva st., Perm, 614068, Russia

Kutafin Moscow State Law University
9, Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya st., Moscow, 123242, Russia

E-mail: kuznetsova_psu@mail.ru

K. S. Kharina

Perm State University
15, Bukireva st., Perm, 614068, Russia

E-mail: xxxenios@mail.ru

Abstract: the Faculty of Law of Perm University will celebrate its 110^th anniversary in 2026. This article continues a series of articles dedicated to the first twelve law professors who created the faculty and laid a foundation for its scientific school in the harsh post-revolutionary years and the years of the Civil war (1916–1920). The article is devoted to Professor Vasiliy Fyodorovich Glushkov (1882–1966), to his biography and life geography (Simbirsk, Kazan, Perm, Tomsk, Perm), and to his scientific legacy. V. F. Glushkov held a professorship at the Perm University from October 15, 1916 to September 1, 1929, and worked at the university in other positions from October 1, 1944 to October 1, 1956. The article provides an updated list of the manuscripts of his scientific works.

Keywords: Perm scientific law school; the first Perm law professors; Professor V. F. Glushkov

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DOI: 10.17072/2619-0648-2026-1-16-26

Constitutional Diplomacy of the Russian Empire:
a Historiographical Analysis of Legal Instruments of Influence on Europe in the 19th Century

E. V. Vinogradova

Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences
10, Znamenka st., Moscow, 119019, Russia

E-mail: evsfrf@gmail.com

Abstract: the development of a national historiographic model of political and legal knowledge necessitates comprehensive research that influences the formation of international relations. In this context, a constitutional and legal analysis of the socio-legal phenomena that shape strategies for interaction between countries should be considered a crucial part of the research conducted in this area. Constitutional diplomacy can be considered one such tool; studying its constitutional and legal content will allow for the formulation of ideas relevant to research that determines the specific features of the political and legal development of states. Until now, the historical and political science aspects of constitutional diplomacy have been explored in the academic literature, but this institution has remained under researched as a subject of constitutional and legal analysis. The purpose of this work is to create, by examining sources reflecting Russian experience in constitutional drafting in the 19th century, a model of political and legal knowledge that, through the prism of constitutional diplomacy, can be used to trace the evolution of approaches to the strategy of Russia’s participation in international relations. The study utilized an interdisciplinary approach, drawing on fundamental research principles of the humanities, institutional-structural and systemic analysis, and general scientific methods of cognition (dialectical, systemic analysis, analogy, synthesis, generalization, comparison), as well as legal methods (formal legal, legal modeling, and comparative law). The article examines the experience of Russian constitutional diplomacy, which has had a significant impact on the state and legal structure of many European countries. The relevance of this research topic is determined by the fact that the institutionalization of the doctrine of constitutionalism in modern Russia is driven by interdisciplinary constitutional-legal, historical, philosophical, political, and sociological research on issues affecting international relations, which are evolving amidst the transformation of paradigms of relations between countries. The analysis of a significant body of sources leads to the conclusion that domestic constitutional diplomacy in the 19th century strengthened Russia’s authority on the international stage. Various mechanisms were employed, ranging from the direct creation of protectorate states with the granting of constitutions to influencing national liberation movements through legal regulation. Its goal was to legitimize and strengthen Russian influence through the use of “soft power” instruments. Constitutional diplomacy allowed Russia to integrate new territories and entire countries into its orbit of interests, while simultaneously integrating into the increasingly complex system of international relations.

Keywords: constitution; constitutional diplomacy; domestic constitutional projects; international integration; international relations; Vienna Congress; foreign policy; political and legal model, historiographic analysis

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DOI: 10.17072/2619-0648-2026-1-27-37

On the Determinants of Certification Commissions
of Biased Decisions

E. A. Glukhov

North-Western Institute of Management (RANEPA branch)
66, Kamennoostrovsky prospekt, Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia

E-mail: glukhov-ea@ranepa.ru

Abstract: the article analyzes the possibility of the influence of the heads of state authorities on the activities of their subordinate attestation commissions. The influence of the head on the members of the attestation commissions can be carried out in two directions: the appointment of persons loyal to him to the collegial body (nepotism) and the threat of creating problems in the service in the future by ignoring the position of the leadership during attestation. Based on the materials of judicial practice, fairly standard errors in the evaluation of employees by attestation commissions are studied, which subsequently led to decisions on the inconsistency of their position and dismissal. The author comes to the conclusion about the high degree of dependence of the members of the attestation commissions and their making of biased decisions in this regard. Thus, the attestation commissions translate and legally formalize the decisions of the head of the public admini­stration body. Proposals are being made on the need for secret voting by members of the commissions in order to minimize possible pressure on them from the leadership of the organization.

Keywords: state civil service; subjectivism; unity of command; attestation commission; conformity; collegial bodies; objectivity of decisions; conformity to position; intrusion into competence; secrecy of voting

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DOI: 10.17072/2619-0648-2026-1-38-48

Notarial Control over Transactions
Concluded by Business Companies
(Using the Example of a Convertible Loan Agreement)

A. A. Ananyeva

M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
69, Novocheremushkinskaya st., Moscow, 117418, Russia

E-mail: annaslast@mail.ru

Abstract: the positivation of the convertible loan agreement as a legal instrument necessary for organizing an investment process aimed primarily at supporting SMEs required a scientific and practical understanding of not only the legal essence of the relevant transaction, but also the factors that contribute to the inclusion of a notary in the execution of this transaction. The involvement of a notary in the execution of an obligation based on a convertible loan agreement is not an accident, but rather a legislative step towards the establishment of a notary-supervised concept for LLCs. This article provides a brief overview of the legislative novelty that provided the domestic legal system with the concept of a convertible loan agreement, an analysis of the doctrinal positions regarding the understanding of “notary control”, and an exploration of the author’s perspective on the nature of notary control in the execution of a convertible loan agreement.

Keywords: convertible loan agreement; investment transactions; notary; notary control; business company; increase in the authorized capital of a business company

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DOI: 10.17072/2619-0648-2026-1-49-64

Genesis of Legal Regulation of Family Relations

D. A. Kokova

Kabardino-Balkarian State University
named after Kh. M. Berbekov
173, Chernyshevskogo st., Nalchik, 360004, Russia

E-mail: d.kokowa@yandex.ru

Abstract: every state is interested in the stability of family groups, which constitutes its public interest in regulating family relations. Despite the persistence of this inte­rest, both the boundaries and methods of legal influence on family relations change significantly over time, which determines the relevance of modern, comprehensive scientific research on family legal relations that takes into account current trends in legal regulation. This article examines the evolution of the legal regulation of family relations through the prism of the pre-Christian, early Christian, Petrine, post-Petrine, post-revolutionary, and modern stages of the develop­ment of Russian statehood. It concludes that there is an inherent connection between the legal policies relevant to a given historical period and the specifics of legal influence on family relations. The author concludes that the approval of the Concept of State Family Policy in the Russian Federation through 2025 ushered in a fundamentally new stage in the legal regulation of family relations, based on a renewed understanding of the family. Since 2014, the family has been positioned for the first time as an institution within the public interests of the Russian state. In the same spirit, the 2020 constitutional amendment was adopted, introducing several family law innovations into the Basic Law of our country.

Keywords: family relations; family legal relations; family legislation; family; marriage; evolution of legal regulation; family law policy; private and public law interest

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DOI: 10.17072/2619-0648-2026-1-65-77

Digital Platforms for Interaction
of Professional Market Participants (B2B Segment)

A. A. Krytsula

North Caucasus Branch of the V. M. Lebedev Russian State
University of Justice
234, Krasnykh Partizan st., Moscow, 350020, Russia

E-mail: krytsulaa@mail.ru

Abstract: in the context of large-scale digital transformation and rapid economic changes, leveraging the benefits of technological development is an urgent need for business survival in highly competitive technology-driven markets. The article shows the significance of platformization of the domestic economy, including the attention of the legislator to this process, traced through some strategic acts; the differentiation of digital platforms in the B2B segment depending on their role in the conclusion and execution of the contract is given; the specifics of B2B platform solutions are outlined; attention is paid to the digitalization of corporate relations; digital intermediaries present in the digital environment are described; such aspects of the studied problem as “digital enterprise” and the profiling of entrepreneurship in the Internet space are touched upon.

Keywords: digital transformation; platformization; entrepreneurship; digital enterprise; digital platforms; platform solutions; business account on a social network

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DOI: 10.17072/2619-0648-2026-1-78-90

On the Concept of “Function of Law”
and Functionalism as a Methodological Basis
for the Study of Civil Law

A. V. Syatchikhin

Perm State University
15, Bukireva st., Perm, 614068, Russia

E-mail: doka065@gmail.com

Abstract: the article analyzes the functional approach, originally developed in sociology, to the study of law in general and civil law in particular, as one of the elements of social existence. The reader’s attention is drawn to the differences in the understanding of function in exact and social sciences. The author concludes that applying the functional approach to the study of civil law, on the one hand, allows for a move away from empirical knowledge of law, and on the other hand, makes it possible to elevate the study of civil law to a higher, general philosophical level of knowledge, built on dialectical principles. With such an approach, not only is the theoretical understanding of civil law and its constituent legal institutions strengthened, but the practical significance of studying civil law from a functionalist perspective is also not lost. Law, its individual branch, or institution, is thus studied not from the perspective of the question “Why?”, but from the perspective of the question “What for?”.

Keywords: function; functionalism; functional approach; function of law; function of civil law; methods of studying civil law

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DOI: 10.17072/2619-0648-2026-1-91-97

Some Problems of Law Enforcement in Bankruptcy Cases of Citizens When Considering Separate Disputes, the Applicant for Which Is an Individual
Who Does Not Engage in Entrepreneurial Activity

E. M. Shaykhutdinov

Seventeenth Commercial Court of Appeal
112, Pushkina st., Perm, 614068, Russia

E-mail: shzh1@yandex.ru

Abstract: the article analyzes the problems that arise when considering separate disputes in bankruptcy cases of citizens, in which the creditor-citizen is a party to the dispute, and the disputed relationship is not related to the conduct of entrepreneurial activity. The opinion is substantiated that such a creditor, unlike, for example, a bank creditor, cannot be considered a strong party in relation to a debtor citizen, which implies the need for a more balanced presentation of increased requirements and standards of proof applied in bankruptcy cases.

Keywords: bankruptcy of citizens; abuse of law, good faith; restoration of the time limit for going to court; verification of the financial capabilities of the creditor; increased standard of proof

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DOI: 10.17072/2619-0648-2026-1-98-108

Current Issues in the Application of Article 237
of the Russian Criminal Procedure Code:
Analysis of 2025 Practice in Light of the New Explanations by the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation

D. E. Zakidalsky

Pitirim Sorokin Syktyvkar State University
55, Oktyabrsky prospekt, Syktyvkar, 167001, Russia

E-mail: zakidalsky@gmail.com

Abstract: the article is devoted to the analysis of the application of Article 237 of the Crimi­nal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation following the adoption of Resolution No. 39 of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated December 17, 2024. The purpose of the study is to identify legal enforcement difficulties and divergences in judicial approaches. The primary research method is legal analysis of appellate and cassation court decisions issued in 2025. It was found that courts continue to interpret key evaluative categories – such as “substantiality”, “irremovability”, “uncertainty” – in inconsistent ways, which undermines the uniformity of legal practice and increases the risk of subjective discretion. The novelty of the study lies in identifying contradictions in judicial practice related to the new Resolution of the Plenum. The results may be used in preparing a review of practice by the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and in making targeted amendments to the Plenum’s clarifications.

Keywords: returning a criminal case to the prosecutor; obstacles to court consideration of the case; clarifications of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation; right to defense

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DOI: 10.17072/2619-0648-2026-1-109-122

Scientific and Methodological Support
for the Investigation of Crimes Committed by Minors

M. V. Kardashevskaya

Sukharev Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee
of the Russian Federation
11/6, Novospassky pereulok, Moscow, 115172, Russia

Kikot Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
12, Akademika Volgina st., Moscow, 117437, Russia

E-mail: kardashewsky@yandex.ru

Abstract: this article analyzes the current state of scientific and methodological support for the investigation of crimes committed by minors. The author sets himself the task of assessing the level of forensic support for the investigation of such crimes. As
a result of the study, it is concluded that this provision is at a low level and does not meet the needs of practice. A comparative analysis of five dissertation studies devoted to the study of certain types of crimes committed by minors over the past ten years is carried out. Special attention is paid to modern criminal acts committed by teenagers, but which have not yet been subjected to forensic analysis. Based on the study of dissertations and the practice of committing crimes by minors, the directions of further scientific research in this area are determined. This analysis will be useful for young scientists who choose topics for their future research.

Keywords: crime; minors; investigation; forensic support; scientific and methodological support

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DOI: 10.17072/2619-0648-2026-1-123-134

Features of the Legal Assessment of Sabotage
at the Present Stage:
Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure Aspects

Yu. P. Yakubina

Oryol Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
named after V. V. Lukyanov

2, Ignatova st., Orel, 302027, Russia

E-mail: up_ulia@mail.ru

A. I. Sorokin

Oryol Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
named after V. V. Lukyanov
2, Ignatova st., Orel, 302027, Russia

E-mail: Sorokin.lex@gmail.com

Abstract: the article is devoted to the consideration of some features of criminal liability for committing sabotage. Special attention is paid to the criminal law assessment of the actions of minors who have committed the crime in question, as well as those who incite teenagers to commit acts of sabotage. Attention is drawn to the procedural features in criminal proceedings against minors. Examples of investigative and judicial practice in cases involving minor suspects and defendants are given. An idea has been formed about the specifics of the legal assessment of sabotage; observance of the constitutionally protected rights and freedoms of minor suspects and accused, ensuring a balance between the interests of society, the state, legitimate coercion and freedom. The analysis of modern criminal and criminal procedure legislation, the positions of scientists confirm the possibility and necessity of optimizing the theory and practice of evidence in criminal cases of sabotage, the current situation in society and the state requires a transition to a new information technology strategy for investigating crimes.

Keywords: sabotage; minor suspect; accused; qualification; sanction; coercion to commit a crime; legal representative of a minor; procedural guarantee; transport infrastructure facilities